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Technical articles

A group blog by Community in Civil and Structural Engineering

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Use this category to post articles, tips and tricks you've learned. Any topic covering civil & structural engineering is acceptable.

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Environmental engineering

Water consumption - classification and related terms

Definition of water consumption (W.C) It is the amount of water consumed by a community in one day. It is usual to express water consumption in liters/capita/day. Average water consumption is usually 150 to 600 LPCD. Classification of W.C according to Use No. Purpose Use Quantity 1 Domestic Sanitary, Drinking, Washing, Bathing, Cooking, Gardening etc. ~ 50-250 LPCD 2 Commercial and Industrial Markets, Office buildings, Dental clinics, Private Schools, Garages, Workshops etc. ~ 12.2 cube m/1000
Environmental engineering

Activated sludge process (ASP) - biological treatment for wastewater

What is activated sludge? It is a FLOC (i.e. body of micro-organisms gathered in a crowd) produced in a raw or settled sewage by the growth of bacteria and other organisms in the presence of dissolved oxygen and accumulated in sufficient concentrations by returning floc previously formed. Activated sludge process Activated Sludge Process is the biological method for treatment of wastewater. It was devised by Arden and Lockett in 1914. In this process a mixture of sewage and activated sludge is a
Environmental engineering

Live and backfill load on buried sewer pipes

Sewer design requires prior knowledge of soil and site conditions to determine overburden loads that will be placed on buried pipes. Total Load = Backfill Load + Live Load Backfill load (W): It depends upon following factors: Trench Width (B) Depth of Burial i.e., depth of fill above pipe (H) Unit Weight of Fill Material (w) Frictional Characteristics of Backfill Live load: Live Loads on the Surface rarely influence design of sanitary sewer because of their Great Depth and Small Size. Backfi
Environmental engineering

General specifications of pipes being used in water distribution system

The following points should be kept in mind while selecting pipe for a certain water supply system, Carrying capacity. Durability. Fire cost. Maintenance cost. Type of water to be conveyed. 1. Cast iron pipes (C.I) Most widely used for the city water supplies. Average life is 100 years. Corrosion my reduce its capacity by 70%. Must be lined with cement or bitumen. C = 130 for new pipe. C = 100 for old pipe (Selected for Design). "C" is the Hazen Williams Coefficient known as HWC. It i
Environmental engineering

Types of sewers and sewer systems

Types of sewers 1. Sanitary sewer It carries sanitary sewage i.e. wastewater from municipality including domestic and industrial wastewater. 2. Storm sewer It carries storm sewage including surface runoff and street wash. 3. Combined sewer It carries domestic, industrial and storm sewage. 4. House sewer It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system of a building to common/municipal sewer. 5. Lateral sewer This sewer carries discharge from house sewers. 6. Submain sewer This sewer receive

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