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A group blog by Structural Community in Civil and Structural Engineering

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Use this category to post articles, tips and tricks you've learned. Any topic covering civil & structural engineering is acceptable.

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Surveying

Electronic distance measurement (EDM) - history and modern surveying

History of electronic distance measurement In surveying distance measurements were always a challenge for surveyors specially when long distances were to be measured with high accuracy. In 1950 scientist tried to calculate the distance by using light beam to travel over unknown distance with measured time. Ordinary lights travels at a velocity of 186,000 miles per second, therefore the time taken will be very small to cover a short distance . This idea was soon dropped but the scientists succeed
Surveying

Methods of booking and reduction of levels

1. Using rise and fall method In this method booking is done in the following manner, B.S I.S F.S Rise Fall R.L Remarks 2.570 - - - - 100.00 A 3.750 - 1.200 1.370 - 101.37 C.P - - 3.750 - 0.70 100.67 B 5.620 - 4.950 1.370 0.70 - - 1) On any page of book, the first reading is always a B.S and last reading is always a F.S. If you are not getting F.S as last reading on each page, then it means you have done mistake while booking readings. 2) From the B.S next F.S is subtracted. If the answer is pos

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